The word “woe” was apparently one of Jesus’s favorite words as He is quoted in the Gospels using that word 31 times. It’s a Greek word ouai translated as grievous sorrow or distress. Jesus used it mostly to castigate the Jewish lawyers, Scribes, Pharisees, and other hypocrites in general. Sometimes He used it to admonish towns or areas, such as Chorazin and Bethsaida for their non-acceptance of His preaching.
In Revelation the word is used by an angel when describing to the apostle John three specific “woes”. These warnings of coming woes arise when the final three trumpet blasts are sounded announcing the three final bowl judgments poured out on the earth from God. “Woe, woe, woe to the inhabitants of the earth, because of the remaining blasts of the trumpet of the three angels who are about to sound!” (Revelation 8:13b). The first woe (fifth trumpet) is detailed in chapter 9 where Satan is seen cast out of heaven, opening the bottomless pit (abyss), and releasing demonic beings including the destroyer (king of the abyss). This results in great torment of mankind and the killing of the two witnesses. “Woe to the inhabitants of the earth and the sea! For the devil has come down to you, having great wrath, because he knows his time is short.” (Revelation 12:12). “One woe is past. Behold, still two more woes are coming after these things.” (Revelation 9:12). The second woe detailed in chapter 9:13-21 describes a horrific world war starting in the Euphrates River area that kills one third of mankind, nearly three billion people! That’s sixty times the death toll of World War II. “The second woe is past. Behold, the third woe is coming quickly.” (Revelation 11:14). The third woe is, of course, the last trumpet announcing the final bowl judgment from God which includes the largest earthquake the world will ever experience, great hailstones upon men, the battle of Armageddon, and ending with the coming of Jesus to establish His Kingdom.
While the first four trumpet/vials will affect primarily nature (created things- vegetation, seas, rivers, the sun, and the heavens) in turn affecting mankind, these last three “woes “are poured out on mankind directly. That is why they are treated separately. Collectively, they partly fulfill the woes pronounced by Jesus during His ministry on earth. Needless to say, this will not be a pleasant time on the earth for the unrepentant. For those of us who belong to our Lord Jesus, it should not be a time of woe but of rejoicing as we see the day of His coming is at hand.
Maranatha, Jim